A study of the conservatives and the democrats Term Paper

A study of the conservatives and the democrats - Term Paper Example A free market is one which there is very little government interference. The forces of demand and supply are left to align themselves accordingly depending on the market situation at hand. Communism is stated to be a great enemy to mankind because it generally deals with taking from the rich and giving to the poor. Communism further advocates for equality between all citizens in terms of wealth. He further emphasizes that the government is closest to the people and therefore will give what is best to the people. He advocates that all American citizens should be left to work on their families and wealth on their own with little government interference. This wisdom of conservatism he furthers states has been attained from generation to generations of individual experiences of past leaders and past nations. The Government shall intervene when an individual impinges the right of their neighbor and will also assure equal opportunity to all citizens and will also be passionate in caring fo r the disabled individuals. The Government will cater for the individual instead of groups so as to ensure all individual maintain their dignity and identity. It will further prevent excessive taxation, extreme controls, and oppressive competition with business and frustrated minorities. This are not factors that conservatism favors. President Reagan generally therefore advocates for freedom of the American people with little interference from the government. This is therefore the underlying principles of conservatism in America. All individuals are given equal opportunity and therefore what differentiate the individuals is their ambition and their hard work to work towards their goals and dreams. Maria Cuomo emphasizes that despite the fact that America is a nation which is blessed and is termed a shining city in the hill, there are still some who are very disadvantaged compared to others. She states that the conservatism that President Reagan is advocating for is survival for the fittest and that Government cannot do everything. This she states is taking care of the rich to make them richer and to hope that the charity of the American people will cater for the less fortunate. Metaphorically what falls from the table will be enough for the middle class and those struggling to enter the middle class. She states that democracy principles are not stating things that the Government cannot achieve but is saying things that it will fulfill. The Government should be humanitarian in that it should not look at the struggles of the middle class and the lower middle class blindly but should try and help them in their struggles. She therefore advocates for a government that cares, that loves and is compassionate and is able to interfere in peoples lives. This interference should be in a manner that should decrease the suffering of the masses instead of just taking care of the few rich. She further states that democrats believe in the privacy of the individual but the ope nness of the government. The democrats are also against war because life is better than death. The government should therefore operate with an idea of family, mutuality, sharing of benefits and burdens for the good of all. It also should advocate sharing of another’s blessing reasonably, honestly, fairly, without racial segregation, or sex, or geography or political affiliation. The democratic principles

Ancient Greeks Essay Example for Free

Ancient Greeks Essay Greek ages were a very unforgiving religious era. Athens was the capital of Greece. Ancient Greeks interpreted the bible and other religious teachings very literally. Kings and their followers believed they were obligated to impersonate the gods. Greek theatre lasted a short time. The changes resulting from the Greek era are infinite. In 1677, Jean Racine, created Phedre. The film was a violent tragedy. The main characters were; Phedre, Wife of the King; Theseus, King of Athens; Hippolytes; Son of the king; Aricia; Princess Hippolytus falls in love with. Theseus killed Aricias six bothers. The play contains violence, anger, deceitfulness. The rulers were certain this were the proper way to honor and obey the Gods. â€Å"Wars were frequent and whenever one occurred all the serfs controlled by the local lords were forced to take part† (Yudkin, P 64). Not everything about this era was negative. Ancient Greece history lasted one century. The entire country did not exceed 150, 000 people (Cohen, Theatre: Sixth Edition P. 59). Genius inventions and developments were invented. Theatre drew crowds. Sometimes, the audience stood up in the pit to watch the performances. They had no technology or measuring devices. Pyramids were built. Epidaurus theatres were built. Seats were hundred of feet up. There were no microphones or audio devices. The actors were at the bottom of the stages. The actors were heard by everyone. Working conditions improved. Education, although not available to everyone, started to become more widespread. Jean Racines, Phedra The overall content of the play Phedre, was tragedy, death and violence. Death was anticipated, not feared. The recognition of life were expected to evolve after death. Everything honored Gods. Their death honored the Gods. The characters in Phedra, saw their death as a celebration. Phedra speaks of seeing her daughter for the last time. â€Å"What! Still are you in love with death? Shall I ne’er see you, reconciled to life, Forego those cruel acts of despair? † Death is part of their life. Then Phaedra responds â€Å"Would I were seated in the forest’s shade! When may I follow with delighted eye, Thro glorious dust flying in full career, A Chariot. † (Racine, Phedra) Phedra could not wait for her final hour. Life expectancies were short. Forty years old were the life expectancy. It was also an honor to the Gods to kill anyone who disgraced their kingdom. All good they did was honored years after they died. Likewise, all disgrace associated with the Kingdom were recognized after death. Panope informs Phedra of her husband’s death. â€Å"Fain would I hide from you tidings so sad, But ‘tis my duty, Madam to reveal them. The had of death has seized your peerless husband, And you are the last to hear of this disaster. The queen, deceived by a vain trust in Heav’n, begs safe return for Theseeus, while Hipplytus his son Learns of his death from vessels that now in port. Phaedra responds â€Å"Ye Gods! † (Racine, Phedra) Slavery was common. â€Å"Most people were serfs and spent their lives in miserable conditions† (Yudkin, P 64). Slavery was not glorified. Death was. Enone is convincing Phedra to live. If she lives her son becomes a king. If she dies, he becomes a slave. â€Å"Madam, Theseus is no more, you must supply his place. He leaves a son, A slave if you should die, but if you live, a king. † Phedra replies, â€Å"To your consent, Yes, I will live, if life can be restored, if my affection for a son has pow’r to rouse my sinking heart at such a dangerous hour. † (Racine, Phedra) Since the king has died, the son becomes the next king. Phedra agreed to live longer. The plays in the Greek era speak as though death is a choice. Every aspect of life was influenced by religion. Music and singing had one purpose. The purpose was to worship the gods. Composers wrote songs with religious meanings and teachings. The Greeks music in theatres began with chanting in church. The chanting by theatre actors was recited the exact same as it was in church. Monks stayed in a chapel for days on end chanting in musical harmony. Monks chanting was described as â€Å"several people may be singing one line in unison, but there is no accompaniment and no harmony† (Yudkin P 65). Songs or what was considered songs, were created from prayers. â€Å"Because Christianity was the dominate religion as well as the principle unifying feature of much of Europe, most of the surviving music from the medieval period was for use in Christian religious services† (Yudkin, P 62-69). As with music, dance had religious meanings. Liturgical dancers in white robes performed in churches and for religious ceremonies. Dancing worshiped the gods, send messages to the gods, and got attention from the gods. Dances interpret bible stories. Sometimes, stories are clearer by acting out the interpretations. Young children and older grandparent’s attention span last longer with music and movements. â€Å"Dance in the west took a separate course from the east in its development. Records of dance during the dark ages are few, although folk dancing and ritual celebrations almost certainly continued† (Cohen, Dance Workshop P. 16-23). Belly dancing progressed. In the Greek era, belly dancing were taught to Middle Eastern women to prepare them for child birth. Midwives borned the babies. They had no fancy hospitals, no medication, or injections to ease the task of childbirth. Belly dancing through a woman’s pregnancy made childbirth much easier. Ballet played an important in religious settings. It was popularized during the Renaissance/William Shakespeare era. In the 17th century, men had to prove they were proficient at ballet before they could hold any positions relevant to legislation. King Louis XIV was a professional dancer. â€Å"The steps as we know ballet evolved out of the 17th century† (Ellison, P 9-11). Ballets were performed for church services, just as liturgical dances were. Athens, or Greece, is famous for training and turning out superior Olympic athletes. A child started training for the Olympics at a very young age. People in the Greek era were Genius that surpasses advanced technology of today. Athens refused to admit defeat. Defeat was not defined as winning or losing one game. Athens may have lost one game. For them the war was not over if they lost. Athens did not allow disabled people into their country. If kings or soldiers were hurt in war, they were not allowed to return to Athens. Grandparents were responsible for putting deformed newborns to death. A disabled newborn was considered a disgrace to the kingdom. Greeks believed they would be punished by the gods if they allowed a deformed newborn to live. Everyone had physical task to do. Women and children had physically active lifestyles. Renaissance era was the beginning of development in all areas. Renaissance theatre focused on humans, not groups. Renaissance was not atheist era. Shakespeare changed what was believed to be religious. In the Greek era, it was anti-Christian to educate a woman. Anyone who educated a woman was killed. Their death was considered a disgrace. The educated woman was killed. Shakespeare introduced the idea of allowing women to perform in theatre. At the time, young boys played all female parts. Phedra was written during the Renaissance or Shakespeare ages. The setting of the play, however were in the Greek ages. Greek theatre established religious beliefs. Renassiance era challenged those beliefs. Greeks were firmly convinced they could not go wrong if honoring the gods. The behavior or actions were not considered. Jean Racine’s wrote Phedre, in the Renaissance era to show how much the beliefs and cultures have progresses since the Greek ages.

Biography of Hillary Clinton :: HIllary Clinton Politics Government Essays

Biography of Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October the 26th 1947 at Edgewater Hospital, in Chicago. Her parents Hugh and Dorothy married in 1942. When Hillary was still young she learnt to stand up for herself. She told her mom that Suzy was bullying her and her mom said "There's no room in this house for cowards. You'll have to stand up to her." Hillary later knocked Suzy to the ground and said "Mom, now I'm tough enough to play with the boys! " After this she became a natural leader " She wasn't just interested in having power, but to help people. She felt sorry for the Mexican migrant workers , and organised neighborhood sales to raise money for them. She was a vice president of her junior class. She spent four years at Wellesley High School. During the Vietnam war Hillary and her fellow student held a demonstration to stop the Americans bombing Vietnam. She majored in political science and also studied psychology. When she started at Wellesley she was a Republican but later became a Democrate. Hillary was a Grade A student always and went to Yale Law School, where she met William Jefferson Clinton. In the summer and fall of 1972 Bill and Hillary both moved to Texas to work for the Democratic presidential campaign of Senator George McGovern. In January 1974 she was part of the legal staff for the House Judiciary Committee. This was a very exciting time for her as they were investigating President Nixon's involvement in the Watergate scandal. After working in Washington DC , she decided to leave and go to Arkansas, where Bill was teaching at the University of Arkansas Law School. Her friends couldn't understand why she was throwing her life away to work in a dirt-poor state. But often her answer was simply. "I love him". In October 1975 Bill Clinton and Hillary got married. She continued to work as a lawyer and kept her family name of Rodham when she married. In 1980 they had a child named Chelsea. The first election at Arkansas in 1980 was not a triumph, and many people blamed it on Hillary with her thick glasses and baggy sweaters.

President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay examples -- Franklin

On October 24, 1929, a day historically known as â€Å"Black Thursday†, the United States stock market crashed due to investors in the market starting to â€Å"sell off their shares, which resulted in a decline in stock prices.† (Dau-Schmidt, pg 60) This economic downturn in the market gave birth to financial ambivalence in the country, increasing unemployment, as well as other consequences on the landscape of international economics. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt took over as president in the year of 1933, â€Å"The country was in its depth of the Great Depression.† (Neal, 2010) Roosevelt’s New Deal consisted of implementing relief programs such as the Work Progress Administration and the Civil Works Administration, which aimed at revitalizing the U.S. labor market. However, these programs were short-lived due to insufficient funding. Although these programs were effective, their short life span only sought temporary remedy. The on again off again pattern of these programs existence caused a cyclical trend in the increase and decrease of unemployment. â€Å"John M. Keynes born on June 5, 1883 was one of the most influential economists of the Twentieth Century.† (Pettinger, pg 1) Keynes argued that the doctrine of the New Deal was a slow remedial procedure to restoring the economy. Although, Roosevelt’s efforts helped reduce unemployment in spurts, it was ultimately an ineffective plan because according to Keynes, to restore the economy during the Great Depression, there had to of been deep government spending and increased high taxes. When President Roosevelt took office, he had to fulfill his ideas he had proposed to the citizens while campaigning for presidency. One of his ideas and that he fulfilled, was the Works Progress Administrati... ...n Kantor. "The Dynamics Of Relief Spending And The Private Urban Labor Market During The New Deal." Journal Of Economic History 70.1 (2010): 195-220. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Mar. 2013. Powell, Jim. "The Unemployment President." Cato Institute. The Washington Times N.p., 4 Aug. 2010. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. Pettinger, Tejvan. "Biography of John M Keynes", Oxford, www.biographyonline.net 3 Feb. 2013 Rauchway, Eric. "Learning From the New Deal's Mistakes." The American Prospect. The American Prospect, 19 Dec. 2008. Web. 02 Apr. 2013 Winkler, Allan M. "The New Deal: Accomplishments and Failures." Speech. Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Oxford,Ohio. 31 Mar. 2009. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. Winkler, Allan M., and Robert M. Collins. Keynesian Economics. The Web Chronology Project, n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2013.

Challenges Facing the Youth

Bill Henry ENC 1101 4th period Would you agree that in society today, there are several challenges facing the youth? Due to the economy and state standards, it has become harder for the youth to not only set goals but to accomplish the task which they have set for themselves. Graduation rates are lower, college enrollment is declining, and unemployment rates are increasing. One challenge facing today’s youth is that graduation rates are gradually decreasing yearly because school is becoming harder due to new state standards. As of the year 2012-2013, eleventh grade students have been required to take a test called the PERT.The PERT test assesses students on the three basic subjects: math, reading, and writing skills. To display college readiness it is required that a student at least makes a 113 in math, 104 in reading, and a 99 in writing. If you fail to obtain the recommended score in these subject areas and your ACT scores are lower than average, you will be placed in remed ial courses your senior year. Not all students are great test takers; therefore, for most students this may be a challenge. Yet another challenge is declining college enrollment. Many young adults feel as though college is not for them due to the hard time they may have had in high school.Not only that, the cost of tuition is extremely high. Between 2000–01 and 2010–11, prices for undergraduate tuition, room, and board at public institutions rose 42 percent. Most young adults cannot afford it, especially those who are forced to be on their own after high school. Another challenge that is facing the youth is increasing unemployment rates. In a 2011 news story, BusinessWeek reported, â€Å"More than 200 million people globally are out of work, a record high, as almost two-thirds of advanced economies and half of developing countries are experiencing a slowdown in employment growth†.Nowadays, most jobs require that you have a high school diploma to work. Not everyo ne finishes high school! Many students in previous years are satisfied with a GED. These young adults with GED’s have now encountered a problem with job finding. Due to the economy and state standards, graduation rates are lower, college enrollment is declining, and unemployment rates are increasing. Yes, I definitely agree that in society today, there are several challenges facing the youth.

Free Essays on Gender Acceptance Of Couples And Singles

If I turn on my television, or open up a magazine, or see a billboard on the highway, it becomes apparent to me that the â€Å"American Dream† is still alive and well in our country. With consumers buying fifty thousand dollar Hummers, trendy clothing taking cities by storm, and contestants winning hundreds of thousands of dollars on â€Å"reality† T.V. shows it’s more than apparent that our society is deeply in love with our â€Å"wants†. Everyone has them, but it seems as though in American today those wants are never ending. To have the perfect job, the perfect car (or more aptly these days truck/SUV), the perfect house is to have almost everything. I say almost with the deepest conviction as it is only almost that you have completed that â€Å"American Dream† that everyone longs for because you have yet to find the perfect mate. But do you really want that? Maybe you don’t. It seems as though there is an increasing contradiction in American society that almost pleads with people to create this faà §ade of an American dream with both the perfect mate, spouse, or lover and the need to be your own individual. But can you have both? Is it possible to be with someone and yet still be your own person? Can you be committed to someone and still be yourself? Or can you truly be yourself if you’re committed to someone? But what remains to be the spin, is that you don’t really â€Å"fit in† either way. If you’re single, you should be with someone. If your not, there must be something wrong with you. If you’re with someone, you should still be an individual, as if you weren’t with anyone. It’s not being true to yourself otherwise. Our wants are never satisfied. And Americans are searching for both the need to be with someone, and to be their own individual. You can only have one or the other, but it looks like ever yone wants both. To be with someone: The Taboo People feel a need to be with someone, to find a partner. This go... Free Essays on Gender Acceptance Of Couples And Singles Free Essays on Gender Acceptance Of Couples And Singles If I turn on my television, or open up a magazine, or see a billboard on the highway, it becomes apparent to me that the â€Å"American Dream† is still alive and well in our country. With consumers buying fifty thousand dollar Hummers, trendy clothing taking cities by storm, and contestants winning hundreds of thousands of dollars on â€Å"reality† T.V. shows it’s more than apparent that our society is deeply in love with our â€Å"wants†. Everyone has them, but it seems as though in American today those wants are never ending. To have the perfect job, the perfect car (or more aptly these days truck/SUV), the perfect house is to have almost everything. I say almost with the deepest conviction as it is only almost that you have completed that â€Å"American Dream† that everyone longs for because you have yet to find the perfect mate. But do you really want that? Maybe you don’t. It seems as though there is an increasing contradiction in American society that almost pleads with people to create this faà §ade of an American dream with both the perfect mate, spouse, or lover and the need to be your own individual. But can you have both? Is it possible to be with someone and yet still be your own person? Can you be committed to someone and still be yourself? Or can you truly be yourself if you’re committed to someone? But what remains to be the spin, is that you don’t really â€Å"fit in† either way. If you’re single, you should be with someone. If your not, there must be something wrong with you. If you’re with someone, you should still be an individual, as if you weren’t with anyone. It’s not being true to yourself otherwise. Our wants are never satisfied. And Americans are searching for both the need to be with someone, and to be their own individual. You can only have one or the other, but it looks like ever yone wants both. To be with someone: The Taboo People feel a need to be with someone, to find a partner. This go...

Langston Hughes Essays (1232 words) - Literature, Free Essays

Langston Hughes Essays (1232 words) - Literature, Free Essays Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance was a great and powerful era in black history. Blues and Jazz flourished throughout the streets of New York, and young black artist began to arise an important part of this era had to be the inspirational writings of Mr. Langston Hughes. Born in Joplin, Missouri, Hughes was raised by his grandmother after his parents had divorced. He graduated from high school in Cleveland, Ohio and went off to Mexico to live with his father for fifteen months. While in Mexico, Hughes lived a very rural life and wrote many of his first poems which although never published began to distinguish him as a writer. He soon returned to home for a short period in 1923 before he joined the crew of the SS Malone bound for Africa. From there he visited many places including Paris, Venice and Genoa before once again returning to America, to live in Harlem, New York. Although it was not until 1926 that Hughes was officially discovered as a poet, he wrote many poems while still in high school. While working in Washington D.C. as a busboy, Hughes left three of his poems beside the plate of Vachel Lindsey, an American poet, who liked Hughes poetry and helped him publicize his writings. Living in Harlem, he soon discovered the Culture and literary circle of the New Negro Writers. As best said by the Health Anthology of American Literature, Hughes made the spiritual, blues and jazz the basis of his poetic expressions. Which in fact he did in some works such as The Negro Speaks of Rivers, and The Weary Blues. Most of his influences came from fellow black writers. Names such as, Dubois, Locke, Jesse Redmonfaset, Jean Toomer, Arna Bontemps and Carl Van Vechten, inspired Hughes in his form and writing style. His poems often portrayed the trials, tribulations, struggles and thoughts of a young Negro growing up in the twenties through sixties. His main goal was to concern about the treatment of African Americans in this country, and to pursue civil and social justice. One of his most famous works would be his continuing sage of Jesse B. Semple also known as Simple. Hughes wrote columns about this fictional character, who dealt with very non-fictional problems. Jesse, was really Hughes voice who expressed the views and ideas of young black Americans. Creating Simple to be smart, strong witted and wise, allowed Hughes to publish and undermind the standard of our pretentious society, while ironically and humorously pointing out the hypocritical nature of American Racism. Hughes went on writing four series of writings about Simple including Simple speaks his mind (1950), Simple takes a wife (1953), Simple Strikes a claim (1957), and Simples Uncle Sam (1965). Hughes used a variety of themes in both his poetry and his prose. His voice was very moving when he read his poems publicly. His voice was both rich and poetic and gave strong inspiration and love to the black community. He was a great writer who completed a two volume autobiography, and edited many anthologies and pictorial volumes. Hughes dazzled writing for forty years and never gave up protesting for the rights of African Americans. He gave many motivational speeches across the nation supporting the black movement. Hughes continued his career publishing many books of poetry and prose. One of his particularly interesting poems was this one entitled, Cross. Cross My old mans a white old man, and my old mothers black. If I ever cursed my old white man, I take my curses back. If ever I cursed my black old mother, and wished she were in hell. Im sorry for that evil wish, and now I wish her well. My old man died in a fine big house, My ma died in a shack. I wonder where Im going to die, Being neither white nor black. This poem explores the deepest emotions and troubles of a young man born into a world of confusion. Confused by his heritage but arrogant in his pride. He is growing up in the whirl of a white society, and cannot decide whether he is white or black. Hughes, using a black mother and white father, completely makes it easy for the reader to understand and almost foreshadow where this poem is going. It

The Best IB Physics Study Guide and Notes for SL

The Best IB Physics Study Guide and Notes for SL/HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips IB Physics HL and SL are difficult courses. Even with the best teacher, you will likely need to spend some time studying on your own to understand the most difficult concepts covered in the course. I remember I did when I took IB Physics HL. In this study guide, I've compiled links to all of the best free IB Physics study guides so you can easily find notes on the topic you're interested in. I organized this guide using the IB Physics syllabus. How to Use This IB Physics Study Guide If there is one topic that you need to review, use the Command + F function on your keyboard to search this guide for that topic. For instance, if you want to study Relativity, use Command + F to bring up the search function. Type â€Å"Relativity† and it will bring you to all of the material for Relativity. If you are looking for overall study material for the IB Physics Exam, skip to the end of this guide to the Overall Reviews section for great overall study resources. First, I give you resources by IB Physics Topic. I label the resources as: Quick Reference: a one-page summary of the material if you just need a quick refresher. Longer Notes: notes (generally 3-10 pages) if you are looking for a more in-depth explanation. Slideshow: PowerPoint presentation on the material. Video: video reviews of topics and demonstrations of how to solve problems related to that topic. Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows for Measurements and Uncertainties 1.1 Measurements in Physics Quick Reference 1.2 Uncertainties and Errors Quick Reference 1.3 Vectors and Scalars Quick Reference Topic 2: Mechanics Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows for Mechanics 2.1 Motion Quick Reference 2.2 Forces Quick Reference 2.3 Work, Energy, Power Quick Reference: Work, Energy Power 2.4 Momentum and Impulse Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Topic 3: Thermal Physics Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows for Thermal Physics Videos for Thermal Physics 3.1 Thermal Concepts 3.2 Modelling a Gas Topic 4: Waves Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows for Waves Videos for Waves 4.1 Oscillations Quick Reference: Forced Oscillations and Resonance Quick Reference: Simple Harmonic Motion Quick Reference: Energy Changes during Simple Harmonic Motion 4.2 Travelling Waves 4.3 Wave Characteristics Quick Reference 4.4 Wave Behaviour Quick Reference: Wave Properties 4.5 Standing Waves Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows for Electricity and Magnetism 5.1 Electric Fields Video: Electric Force and Field 5.2 Heating Effects of Electric Currents 5.3 Electric Cells 5.4 Magnetic Effects of Electric Currents Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation Slideshows 6.1 Circular motion Quick Reference: Uniform Circular Motion 6.2 Newton’s law of gravitation Video: Gravitation and even more on Gravitation Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows 7.1 Discrete Energy and Radioactivity Video: Atoms and Electrons 7.2 Nuclear Reactions Video: Energy Levels, Photons, Bohr’s Model 7.3 The Structure of Matter Topic 8: Energy Production Longer Overall Topic Notes 8.1 Energy sources 8.2 Thermal energy transfer Additional HL Topics Topic 9: Wave Phenomena Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows 9.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 9.2 Single-Slit Diffraction 9.3 Interference 9.4 Resolution 9.5 Doppler Effect Topic 10: Fields Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows 10.1 Describing Fields 10.2 Fields at Work Topic 11: Electromagnetic Induction Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows 11.1 Electromagnetic Induction 11.2 Power Generation and Transmission 11.3 Capacitance Topic 12: Quantum and Nuclear Physics Longer Overall Topic Notes Slideshows 12.1 The Interaction of Matter with Radiation 12.2 Nuclear Physics Options Option A: Relativity Longer Overall Topic Notes A.1 The Beginnings of Relativity A.2 Lorentz Transformations A.3 Spacetime Diagrams Additional Higher Level Concepts A.4 Relativistic Mechanics A.5 General Relativity Option B: Engineering Physics B.1 Rigid Bodies and Rotational Dynamics B.2 Thermodynamics H3: Additional Higher Level Concepts B.3 Fluids and Fluid Dynamics B.4 Forced Vibrations and Resonance Option C: Imaging C.1 Introduction to Imaging C.2 Imaging Instrumentation C.3 Fibre Optics Additional Higher Level Concepts C.4 Medical Imaging Option D: Astrophysics Longer Overall Topic Notes D.1 Stellar Quantities D.2 Stellar Characteristics and Stellar Evolution D.3 Cosmology Additional Higher Level Concepts D.4 Stellar Processes D.5 Further Cosmology Overall Reviews These are notes, practice, questions, and videos covering all of the IB Physics topics mentioned above. These are great resources to use when reviewing for the IB Physics exam. Practice questions for every topic Core topics 1-4 notes Core topics 5-6 notes More physics videos Tips for Using These IB Physics Notes Now that you know where to find IB Physics notes, what's the best way to use them? Follow these three tips to get the most out of your notes. #1: Don't Ignore a Topic That You Don't Understand If you learn about a new topic in class and don't quite understand it, it can be be tempting to just forget about it and move onto the next lesson. Don't do this! The longer you wait to go over the topic, the harder it will be to actually understand it because you will have forgotten more of what you learned about it in class. If you're not sure of a certain concept or equation, use these notes to learn more, read the corresponding chapter in your textbook, and/or ask your teacher for more explanation. #2: Review Material Throughout the Year There are so many topics you cover in IB Physics that if you do not keep up with the material during the school year, you will find it nearly impossible to catch up. Don't wait until the last minute to begin your review. You will not be able to master it all in a few days or even a few weeks (which is why the class is taught over 1 to 2 years). Make sure you conquer the topics when your teacher covers it in class. Use this study guide for additional help. #3: Don't Forget About Practice Tests Practice tests are also a key part of studying. Once you feel you're pretty confident with your knowledge of the material, take a few practice exams to get a feel for what to expect on test day. Check out our guide on IB Physics past papers for free resources you can use. What’s Next? Want more IB Physics study resources? Access more IB physics study tools by looking at past IB Physics papers. We also have a few articles on the PrepScholar blog that you might find helpful for physics studying. Read up on the law of conservation of mass, the specific heat of water, and the formulas you need to calculate acceleration. Not sure which other IB classes to take? Learn more about the other IB classes offered and which IB classes are offered online. Almost finished with your IB courses? Check out our guide to learn when your IB exam scores will be available. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Business Psychology and Organisational Behaviour Essay - 3

Business Psychology and Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example It is believed to be gathering together the biological aspects or inborn features related to desires, urges, needs and impulses to seek immediate gratification. Id ignores consequences. Every individual tend to focus on the pleasure principle to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. In order to release tension it fantasizes and applies pleasurable sensations or feelings to any bodily functions (McKenna 31). The ego, Freud described, was related to the thinking and the problem solving aspect of personality. It has ability to learn through experience. It is based on reality principle. The ego controls id i.e. behavior and movements of the person through conscious approach. The ego selectively satisfies desires by avoiding negative impacts of the act. In other words, the ego postpones the release of the ids psychic energy until the right object or method is found. The concept of the ego is based on the individual’s conscious sense of himself (Edgcumbe 212). Superego emphasizes on the moral development standards and ethical values procured from parents or society. Every human being tends to internalize parental standards as their own. Superego uses guilt/anxiety as an important function. When aggressive forces stored in the superego are opposed with mental processes related to ego, it might lead to depression. When an individual is progressed from dependency towards autonomy, superego gradually becomes impersonal. The values acquired from parents get substituted by admired figures in society or high social ideals. His conscience acquires ethical character by the recognition of distinct principles and ideals. The interaction between these three mental processes gives rise to struggle which influences personality structure (Chan et al. 27). Id is a reservoir of psychic energy which does not obey any rules and regulations, while superego inhibits these intrinsic desires.  

Final reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final reflection - Essay Example The paper will rely on knowledge gained throughout the semester on child-language development to appropriately advice these parents. How Children Develop Speech and Language Skills Human communication is an acquired skill gained over time. Human communication can be compared to technology in that both have a basic structure of function, but change over time as the needs of a society change. While human communication development is procedural, the amount of time it takes should not result in a child taking too long to understand comprehensively their first language. Children start developing their language skills immediately they get born. However, at the very early stage of their life, these developments can hardly be noticed (Bochner & Jane 122). As a child grows, their parents should keenly observe how their development in language is fairing. Parents must be in a position to realize any cases of abnormality in their children’s language development. This should help them add ress the problem as early as possible. At the age of six months, a child should have started showing signs that indicate that they are indeed learning how to communicate. They should be able to turn to sources of sound upon hearing them. They should further respond in shock to sudden, loud noises. Children in this age start making cries for different needs watches people's face as they walk and start to imitate coughs and other sounds (Bochner & Jane 123). These are the first signs that a child is learning their communication skills. Although the skills can hardly be noticed by most parents as signs of language development, they help a child to start having a memory on how to respond to different situations. This includes when they are in shock, hungry or in pain. At the age of nine months, a child should manage to respond to their name and anything else that rings around them, for example, a telephone. At this age, a child understands when they get told ‘no’. They can also get what they want through gestures and starts playing social games with those around them. A child gets to enjoy when people are around her and starts to babble or repeat sounds. Communication skills at this age can be identified. It is, however, worth noting that some children may take a slightly longer period than this. The period should not extend one year since they were born. At the age of one year, a child can follow simple one-step instructions like ‘sit down’. When someone near them points to something, a child gets to look for it. A child at this age uses three or more than three words in their communication but will mostly use gestures. A child also combines many sounds as though talking (Pressley & Christine

Hobbes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hobbes - Essay Example Hobbes’ perspective on human nature as self-interested cooperation is an enduring theory of philosophical anthropology (Wildawski, Chai & Swedlow 161). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the work of Thomas Hobbes from a social, political and economic perspective in western civilization. The Paradox of Hobbes Even in his own time, Hobbes was considered to have paradoxical views. Though he was perceived as a fierce controversialist and a brusque dogmatist, his main anger was directed against dogmatism of any kind. Similarly, although he was hostile to the intellectual authority of the churches as in the universities, he wanted his own philosophical works to be the authoritative texts within the universities. Though he praised toleration, he advocated an absolute sovereign with total power over intellectual matters. In place of scepticism, Hobbes promoted science although in an extremely sparse form. He cleared away all that he considered doubtful and w as left with a â€Å"a bare a priori materialism, according to which the universe must consist of material objects causally interacting with one another† (Tuck 129), but the real nature of these objects and their interactions is not known. In the same way, in ethics, Thomas Hobbes eliminated all the complicated ethical theories of his orthodox predecessors whether Aristotelians or humanists, and was left with only the bare principle that people are morally entitled to preserve themselves. Hobbes’ Theory of Human Nature as Self-Interested Cooperation Hobbes had few to receive guidance from on the best way to live, other than sceptics such as Montaigne who had always acknowledged the practical necessity of self-preservation. In alignment with the sceptics, Hobbes also concluded that the laws of one’s country are constitutive of one’s general morality, and that whatever is necessary for one’s preservation has to be morally acceptable. He believed in t aking this stance to radical lengths, and considered the sovereign to be responsible even for defining who a human being is, as in stating that â€Å"upon the occasion of some strange and deformed birth, it shall not be decided by Aristotle, or the philosophers, whether the same be a man or no, but by the laws† (Tuck 129). Thomas Hobbes’ Theory of International Relations Hobbes is a standard or mandatory figure in international relations theory, and also forms the core of one of the major traditions. Along with Machiavelli and sometimes with Thucydides, Hobbes stands as an archetypal proponent of ‘Realism’. Usually, scholars proficient in the study of Hobbes’ political philosophy deal with the theory of international relations in a very brief manner, within a few paragraphs or sentences. Modern international theorists interpret Hobbes work in a fixed manner. â€Å"The basic Hobbesian assumption is that there are no objective principles of moralityà ¢â‚¬  (Malcolm 433). Morality is determined only by the sovereign, once the state is formed. Hobbes’ belief was that the state creates morality as well as law, and that there is neither morality nor law outside the state. Hence, the realist view was that ethical standards were not applicable to relations between states. Similar to Machiavelli, Hobbes perceived politics as â€Å"the practical art of obtaining and preserving state power as an end in itself† (Malcolm 433). However, Hobbes reaches a higher level than Machiavelli through his clear account of the role

Social Work Group Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Work Group Skills - Essay Example As work groups develop, the members come to play different parts in the socials structure. The emergence of different roles is a natural process. One of the most critical roles assumed by group members is that of leading the group. The essay is therefore written with the objective of presenting the results of a group video, specifically addressing the following, to wit: (1) method of intervention used in the group and the rationale for effectiveness; (2) identification of strengths and areas for development in leading groups; and (3) ways and means for group members to learn from each other. The method of intervention used by the group in the video is the cognitive behavior therapy. According to the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists (NACBT) (2009, par. 1), the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is â€Å"a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do†. Cognitive behavior interventions are designed to educate and modify or change the clients’ attitudes and behaviors using nonpharmacological means (Delaune & Ladner, 2006, 1108). This approach is effective in terms of applying the garbage in – garbage out thinking where faulty thinking and information goes out to be replaced by new data which educates the client into effective recovery. It assists the client into developing skills to modify one’s behavior, identification of distraught thinking, assists in relating to others, minimize being indifferent and develop determination to change for the better. Negative thoughts are assessed and flushed out of the client’s mind, enabling new and improved mental processes to sink in and transform the client’s behavior and self concept. The exercise developed the following skills and strengths in leading the group: (1) cohesiveness where members are attracted to each other and engage in frequent social interaction. Feelings of belonging, acceptance and

Information about Wegener's Granulomatosis Term Paper

Information about Wegener's Granulomatosis - Term Paper Example Wicks reports that 90% or more of those affected are Caucasian. 1 The comparative rarity also makes research difficult, especially when it will benefit only small numbers, which may mean funding for possible research projects is limited. Mahr et al 2(2006) give figures of between 24 and 157 cases per million people and yearly occurrence rates of 3 to 14 cases per million. Coleman ( 2006)3 suggests a figure of 30 per million. As with many other diseases and abnormalities of the immune system, it seems probable that Wegener's Granulomatosis develops when someone who is already genetically predisposed to the condition is exposed to a particular trigger mechanism, perhaps a bacterial or viral infection The condition has a number of synonymous names:- Klinger's syndrome, Klinger-Wegener syndrome, Wegener-Churg-Klinger syndrome, and Wegener-Klinger syndrome. Also because Wegener is said to have had Nazi connections there has been some inclination to re-name the condition as ANCA associated granulomatous vasculitis. Symptoms result from extreme inflammation which that can affect many different types of body tissues. These include the blood vessels when it is described as vasculitis when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy blood vessels. The inflammation results in a reduction in blood oxygen levels accompanied by a restriction of blood flow to affected organs, which results in a destruction of normal tissue.4 ‘Incomplete’ forms exist that only attack one part of the body.5The condition can result in failure of the kidneys or lungs.6 This condition is considered to the result of an abnormal functioning of the immune system producing an over a response to stimuli. , although there is at present no known cause. 7, but this is not a contagious disease, nor is there any compelling evidence of it being hereditary.     

Social Work Group Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Work Group Skills - Essay Example As work groups develop, the members come to play different parts in the socials structure. The emergence of different roles is a natural process. One of the most critical roles assumed by group members is that of leading the group. The essay is therefore written with the objective of presenting the results of a group video, specifically addressing the following, to wit: (1) method of intervention used in the group and the rationale for effectiveness; (2) identification of strengths and areas for development in leading groups; and (3) ways and means for group members to learn from each other. The method of intervention used by the group in the video is the cognitive behavior therapy. According to the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists (NACBT) (2009, par. 1), the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is â€Å"a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do†. Cognitive behavior interventions are designed to educate and modify or change the clients’ attitudes and behaviors using nonpharmacological means (Delaune & Ladner, 2006, 1108). This approach is effective in terms of applying the garbage in – garbage out thinking where faulty thinking and information goes out to be replaced by new data which educates the client into effective recovery. It assists the client into developing skills to modify one’s behavior, identification of distraught thinking, assists in relating to others, minimize being indifferent and develop determination to change for the better. Negative thoughts are assessed and flushed out of the client’s mind, enabling new and improved mental processes to sink in and transform the client’s behavior and self concept. The exercise developed the following skills and strengths in leading the group: (1) cohesiveness where members are attracted to each other and engage in frequent social interaction. Feelings of belonging, acceptance and

The Question of God Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Question of God - Research Paper Example Lewis, on the other hand, was an atheist for the first couple of years of his life. Lewis wrote he was so angry with God for failing to exist in this world. I was also equally angry with Him for creating a world in which creatures have a burden of existence imposed on them without their consent. Freud and Lewis were both haunted during all their lives by a strong yearning with no easily familiar object. Freud referred to the transcendent longing as Sehnsucht and Lewis called his Joy. Freud, however, was an atheist, he saw in human existence a desire for projection and illusion, while Lewis on the other hand argued that, like other inner human expectations and desires, this longing must be for a real object in this life or some other (Armand 46). Freud thought life to be meaningless he believed there was no god, and he lived an irresponsible life. According to him he existed by mistake, and there was no sense of him being in this world. He thought God was unfair in creating animals an d letting them exist without their knowledge or permission. Lewis was an atheist for a third of his life then he turned around. He used to defend his atheism with Freud’s theories and beliefs before he converted to Christianity. He started believing there was God and everything happened for a reason. This motivated him to find happiness as he believed he had a destiny. When he was young he did not believe in the existence of god as the secular world seemed to make sense to him at that time(Armand 48). He had never given it a thought as to why he existed. With time, he discovered that science did not provide the answers to the questions he had. The many questions he had in his head made Lewis seek divine intervention. Religion made more sense to him as he found a purpose for his living as religion answered all his questions and it defined whom he was. The bible made sense to him, and he kept quoting it to justify his actions. His conversion to Christianity was a transition poi nt in his life. He found contentment in God, and he believed god has a purpose for his life. He believed that the people who did not believe the existence of god had their own reasons or experiences which were minor. Freud was a scientist, and he seek all answers to the questions he had from science. He believed creatures evolved, and they were not created. According to him god did not exist, and it was just an imagination of people. He believed God was just an illusion in peoples mind and never existed in the real world. According to him people who believed in God desired a life of another kind and a different world from which they existed in(Armand 57). To him science was the only thing that made sense and religion were only theories made by people. He believed that those who trusted religion were dreamers and wanted their wishes to be fulfilled. He said that God was merely a dream and a childish wish and projection for a father’s protection. Freud interpreted religion as w ish fulfillment; he says it was all psychological. According to him it was all in one’s head, and everyone could think what he wanted (Armand 172). He said that people have positive and negative feelings about their father and the negative feelings might cause the wish that God did not exist. Lewis cancelled the argument saying it was not a good

Effects of Global Warming on Animals Essay Example for Free

Effects of Global Warming on Animals Essay In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has initiated various environmental campaigns to gradually resolve the increasing impacts of climate change towards the environment (Silverstein et. al. , 2003 p. 5). The public’s increased attention to such problem is not anymore surprising as it threatens every creature with potentially devastating consequences. However, the subjects of animal health have received lesser attention compared to the economic, industrial and social impacts of climatic changes brought by global warming (Sherman, 2002 p. 204). According to Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003), the primary concern of ecologists is the rapid increase of climatic change consistently altering the natural ecology of wildlife in various ecosystems. Based on the annual measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide (ACO) concentrations, two major signals depicting dramatic ecological patterns have been observed, namely (1) â€Å"seasonal cycle that reflects the metabolism of terrestrial ecosystems in the northern hemisphere†, and (2) â€Å"accelerating increase in tropospheric concentrations of ACO since 1957† (Vitousek, 1994). As supported by various studies (Root, Price and Hall et al. , 2003; Vitousek, 1994; Tylianakis, Didham and Bascompte et al. , 2008), global warming effects, namely (1) increases in temperature, (2) alteration of food chains, and (3) atmospheric gas imbalances, dramatically affect the conditions of animal kingdom. II. Literature Review a. Global Warming: Ecological Imbalance The basic principle of global warming consists of the accumulation of radiation energy from the sun resulting to the warming of the planet’s surface (Houghton, 2004 p. 14). Based on 688 published studies on global warming, the three major environmental impacts affecting the ecological systems of animals and plants are (1) temperature changes, (2) alterations of animal symbiotic relationships, and (3) imbalances in the atmospheric gases (Tylianakis, Didham and Bascompte et al. , 2008). Based on the study of Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003), global temperature has increased to approximately 0. 6 degree C since 1880s, and projected to increase consistently with the coming generations. The continuous alterations of climate may be due to the three following reasons: (1) sunspot cycles, (2) volcanic eruptions producing large quantities of fine ash in the air, and (3) the occurrence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (Gupta, 1998 p. 86). In the literary reviews of Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003) using 143 different studies, majority of the studies reveal the endangering situations of approximately 80% of species that are now gradually adjusting to various ecosystems due to the physiological constraints brought by ecologic changes. In fact, according to the study of Thomas, Cameron and Green et al. (2004), animal habitats and survival expectations have been altered by the effects of global warming increasing the projected extinction risks to approximately 20% among the sample ecosystems, namely Queensland, Mexico, South Africa, Amazonia and Europe. b. Increases in Temperature With the advent of modernization, auto engines, power plants, industrial mills, and residential heating systems burn coal, oil, or natural gas accounting to 98% of the carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere, while the other 2% id due to the increased deforestation and mining (Tomera, 2001 p. 113). According to Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003), rapid temperature increases and ecological stresses brought by the alterations of ecosystems are disrupting the natural communities of various species, which lead to forced adaptations of species, numerous extirpations and possible extinctions. As supported by the study of Pounds, Bustamante and Coloma et al. (2006), one example of massive animal extinctions occurred in the mountains of Costa Rica wiping 67% of the various 110 species of Atelopus, such as harlequin frog (Atelopus Sp. ) and golden toad (bufo periglenes) and pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), which are endemic to American tropical habitats. In a study conducted by Penuelas, Fillela and Comast (2002), life cycles in a Mediterranean environment (Cardedeu, NE Spain) has been observed from 1952 to 2000 in order to determine possible alterations in the ecosystems and increasing climate changes. With the temperature increase amounting to ? 1. 4 degree C (1952 to 2000), results reveal significant phonological alterations among the different species of animals (e. g. spring migratory birds arriving 15 days later in 2000 compared 1952, etc. ). Noting the mentioned temperature increase in the latter study, Hanson, Sato and Ruedy (2006) suggest that a relative increase of ? 1 degree C is likely to affect the sea levels and exterminate various species. c. Symbiotic Relationships: Predisposing Species Extinction Temperature, climate, and gas imbalances are the leading global warming effects altering the different levels of ecologic symbiosis. The rise of global temperature affects the geographical distribution of ectothermic animals, decomposers and mostly those with lesser thermal tolerance (Portner, 2001). For example, thermally intolerant metazoans and other decomposers have markedly shown increase mitochondrial oxygen demand parallel to the rise of temperature, which resulted to the reduction of their population (Portner, 2001). Using species-area and endemic-area relationships, Malcolm, Liu and Neilson et al. (2006) have identified the projected percent extinctions of sample biodiversities (Cape Floristic Region, Caribbean, Indo-Burma, Australia, and Tropical Andes, etc.) ranging from 1 to 43% of the endemic biota (averaging to 11. 6%). Various etiologies derived from disrupted ecological symbiosis explain these projections. Most commonly, the imbalance atmospheric gases and high temperature result to the increased growth of plants with insufficient nutrition brought by low organic property of soil (Kirschbaum, 1995). With the low-nutrient composts, decomposers may gradually decrease disrupting the normal ecosystem-level cycling (Vitousek, 1994). In addition to decomposer disruptions, the study of Kirschbaum (1995) has suggested a marked loss of over 10% of organic soil for every 1 degree C increase in temperature due to the dramatic destruction of temperature-sensitive organic decomposers in different regions globally. These data implies that the increasing trend of temperature rise and gaseous imbalances can dramatically contribute to the extinction of different species.

The Indian Healthcare Sector Erp Systems Information Technology Essay

The Indian Healthcare Sector Erp Systems Information Technology Essay The Indian Healthcare sector is rapidly expanding in terms of revenue and employment with its total value estimated about $34 billion. Some of the reasons for the same are: Growing population and economy The biggest driver of the expansion of the healthcare sector in India is its booming population, which is currently estimated about 1.1 billion. (Appendix-Figure1) Rising middle class Due to the rise in the average income, as of now, around 50 million Indians can afford to use advanced healthcare services and medicines. Increase in the spread of disease One of the significant driving factors for the growth of Indias healthcare sector is the rise and spread of various diseases, infectious and chronic degenerative in nature. 1.2 ERP need in Heath Care Industry ERP has got a huge scope of implementation in the healthcare industry since more and more hospitals are coming up and the customers are now looking for better professionalism and improved and efficient healthcare services. Key healthcare organization objectives: The specific healthcare industry objectives include: Improved productivity and efficient workflow with proper information at various care points. Integrating various systems across individual departments in a hospital and also across hospitals under the same management. Performing core hospital activities and increasing customer service to enhance Hospital Image. Implementation of SAP ERP in Wockhardt About Wockhardt Wockhardt is one of the major players in the Indian sector for Healthcare services. Besides providing the healthcare services via its chain of hospitals, Wockhardt also manufactures and markets various formulations, nutrition products, biopharmaceuticals, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and vaccines. 2.2 Summary Name of the Organization : Wockhardt Limited Head Office Location : Mumbai, India Services : Healthcare No. of Employees : 9,000 Revenue of the Firm : Rs 26 Billion Implementation partner : IBM India 2.3 Pre-ERP Environment in Wockhardt Wockhardt had a non-integrated, non-SAP IT system The IT hardware used were of IBM P-Series IBM AIX was the IT Operating System in use prior to ERP implementation Oracle 10g database at Wockhardt Some of the challenges faced by Wockhardt prior to ERP implementation are as follows: Inability to handle the business growth due to poor existing technology Integration and formal communication among the existing systems were low. High cost dependency on independent product vendors adding to maintenance costs. Difficulty in managing and controlling disparate data. Dependency on multiple small packages and SMEs for day to day operations. Overall service levels and patient satisfaction levels were low. 2.4 Choosing an ERP vendor Some of the issues that were considered while choosing a vendor were: Data accuracy Hospitals have to supply all the essential information to the vendor at the time of making the proposals. This will help him to easily configure the required software. The mistake of not disclosing information Many hospitals do the mistake of not disclosing crucial information at this juncture. They are reluctant to disclose confidential information. Demonstrations The hospital will be able to rate the vendors suitability more so during practical demonstrations. His level of competencies and technicalities will be revealed to the company. The reason why SAP solution was chosen as the ERP vendor was: Its a robust, integrated solution with multiple customized functions and features Its positioned for future growth with global credibility Its a well defined reliable partner with assured support It strategically aligns itself with the Wockhardts business requirements 2.5 Objectives of SAP implementation The companys vision to integrate and standardize global processes was a major reason for introducing SAP solutions. Wockhardt was looking for an ERP solution that would: Establish a single, integrated ERP solution. Improve visibility and standardize the current business processes across the organization. Provide a platform for free flow of information and a central data repository. Introduce best practices of Life Science Industry for all locations. Provide a common technology platform with capabilities of analyzing business data. Meet the global business requirements, with simultaneously adhering to the country specific necessities. 2.6 SAP ® Solutions Services used in Wockhardt SAP ® ERP SAP ® Business Information Ware house SAP NetWeaver, ® SAP NetWeaver ® Portal, SAP ® Solution Manager, a tool found in the SAP NetWeaver ® platform 2.7 SAP Implementation Highlights Time-frame of implementation : 8 months (From May 2005) Top Managements support with highly dedicated team Highly successful implementation with a big bang approach in India Subsequent rollouts to subsidiaries in Europe US by the Wockhardt In-house team The average 3 year cost of a SAP deployment is shown in Appendix -Figure2. The various stages for the same were: Project Planning Business Process Study Installation Training Business Requirement mapping Configuration Modifications Data Conversion Documentation Testing Go-Live Post production support 2.8 SAP R/3 Architecture in Wockhardt SAP R/3 works on Three Tier Architecture comprising of the database, application and presentation layer. (Appendix Figure3) The Database server is solely responsible for Wockhardts data storage. The Application server interacts with the other two servers to manage user requests. The User terminal is responsible for data creation, modification and retrieval. 2.9 Benefits of SAP to Wockhardt The benefits that Wockhardt got on implementing SAP ERP were: Real-time access to higher quality information More structured data forming a basis for informed strategic and operational decisions A consolidated, single view of the business with efficient working practices due to standardized and integrated business processes Improved inventory management with better coordination of work across multiple locations Faster decision-making and improved Planning and customer service, efficiency, enhanced Visibility 2.10 Wockhardts future plans with SAP Wockhardts future plans with SAP include: SAP ® Customer Relationship Management (SAP CRM) SAP ® Supplier Chain Management (SAP SCM) SAP ® Advanced Planning Optimization component (APO) SAP NetWeaver ® component for integration. With the SAP CRM module, Wockhardt can: Implement one, multichannel contact center to control and coordinate the interactions between patients and Wockhardt. Link the contact center directly to the appointment system so a patient can make, change, cancel, or inquire about appointments. Improve communication with patients by using demand management software to remind patients of appointments, manage waiting lists, and fill late cancellations The Vendors Perspective About SAP and IBM IBM was finalized as the implementation partner for starting the SAP ERP implementation in May of 2005. The implementation team took around eight months to complete the project. With vendors like SAP and implementation partners like IBM, it has definitely resulted in lowering the pressure on healthcare organizations like Wockhardt. 3.1.1 SAP SAP is the market leader in ERP solutions. Since its foundation in 1972, SAP (Systems, Applications and Products in Data processing) have helped companies of all sizes and industries run better. Currently SAP departments are located in greater than 50 nations and serving 110,000  customers worldwide. SAP for Healthcare industry helps the firms like Wockhardt in integrating their healthcare processes by providing an end-to-end portfolio of solutions. IBM IBM has world class reliable, scalable and responsive business solutions and on collaboration with SAP, both will help the firms in various industries like healthcare by providing quality, simple and customised solutions with high returns. IBM and SAP are committed to delivering affordable end-to-end solutions scaled to meet the needs of SMBs. The combined solutions of IBM and SAP enable the organizations to speed up their business operations in order to comply with the dynamic changes in the marketplace. Challenges faced by IBM, SAP for ERP implementation The major challenges faced by SAP and IBM during Wockhardts ERP implementations are as follows: To cope up with the dynamic and ever-changing business processes and consumer needs To be in-line with the regulatory guidelines To assist the hospital service with regular up gradation . Integration with Legacy Systems Integration of ERP Modules of different vendors or versions and E-Business Applications like SCM, CRM, KM. 4. ERP modules used at Wockhardt Some of the important SAP ERP modules used by Wockhardt are mentioned below: Materials Management (MM) Customer Service (CS) Quality Management (QM) Sales Distribution (SD) Human Resources (HR) Production Planning (PP) Financial Management (FM) Product Life Cycle Management (PLM) The material management module (Appendix- Figure4) comprises of the features mentioned below: Stock Reconciliation- At warehouse / item(s) level Alerts and notifications on Shelf Life Storage Differentiations for Quarantine / Approved / Rejected items. Item tracking based on Expiry dates and Serial No. / Lot numbers Bar code interface integration Patient Administration: This module handles the front office, back office and nursing station of Wockhardt. Some of the modules of front office are handling the appointments, reservations, admission and discharge of patient along with the deposits, refunds of cashier department. The back office includes the maintenance, in-patient billing and scheduling of the Wockhardts back office. Besides this, SAP ERP integrates the administrative and clinical processes of the nursing station. (Appendix Figure5) Clinical Management The clinical management of the SAP package in Wockhardt includes: Laboratory- Lab scheduling, records, kit management, etc. Operation theatre- Theatre scheduling, maintenance, medical equipments usage, etc. Medical records Visit details of Outpatient and In-Patients, etc. Blood bank Donor registration list, Blood stock, etc. (Appendix Figure6) Resource Management The resource management of the Wockhardt SAP module includes: Pharmacy In and out-patient pharmacy, central pharmacy, etc. General stores Purchase orders, material receipts, inventory control, etc. Ambulatory Ambulance and personnel scheduling. Medical equipment management Equipment and AMC details, stock management, etc. (Appendix Figure7) Financial Management The financial management module includes functionalities like maintaining the: Accounts payable Accounts receivable General ledger Doctors accounting Payroll Care contracts Federations grants, etc. (Appendix Figure8) 5. Conclusion and Findings The Indian healthcare sector can be considered to be as a glass half empty or as a glass half full. This is so because, even though the healthcare sector has improved significantly over the years but still the challenges it is facing are significant. Improvisation needs to be done by developing the existing physical and IT infrastructure in order to provide quality healthcare services. The need of the hour is to perform core hospital activities and increase the quality of customer service by integrating its various components and avoid data redundancy. Industries look for ERP solution that can provide a common technology platform with capabilities of analyzing business data. They expect to meet the global business requirements, with simultaneously adhering to the country specific necessities. Because of the availability of a single unified platform for data sharing and standardization of the various healthcare business processes, the redundancy of data entry has minimized significantly and has resulted in saving valuable administrative time. The SAP ERP implementation has assisted the Wockhardt staff in successfully updating, recovering and managing the data in real-time. Also, reports can now be produced quickly, thus minimizing the logistical headaches. The most striking benefit of implementing SAP ERP in Wockhardt has been the significant visibility in its service operations which has lead to improved planning and coordination across Wockhardt. Hence sooner or later, most of the companies need to change their traditional practices and have an advanced technology supported with state of the art IT infrastructure to support its core business activities and integrate them efficiently across the organization. Appendix Figure 1 Indian economy growth rate Figure 2 3 year cost of a SAP deployment Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Patient Administration Figure 6 Clinical Management Figure 7 Resource Management Figure 8 Financial Management

Apple iPod from Business Perspective Essay examples -- mp3 digital mus

Technology has changed in the terms of portable music and with the invention of the Apple iPod in 2001, the ease and accessibility to download and listen to music has never been easier. Apple has developed a device that weighs no more than 6.2 ounces (and as few as 3.6 ounces) and can hold up to 10,000 songs. Despite the weak market overall, the market for digital media is undeniably hot and barring a consumer spending meltdown, it should stay that way. In light of current computer market conditions, Apple is wise to leverage a moderately priced consumer product like iPod to generate revenue. The iPod is an excellent opportunity to drive an additional revenue stream. Despite current global economic conditions, information technology is forecast to grow significantly over the next several years. Importantly, many experts believe that IT innovations like the iPod will particularly help drive consumers to electronic stores to purchase ground-breaking technologies due to the cost. Being in business for almost 30 years, Apple Computers started with two friends in high school; considered outsiders because of their love of electronics. Steven Wozniak â€Å"had been dabbling in computer-design for some time when, in 1976, he designed what would become the Apple I.† His friend, Steven Jobs, â€Å"who had an eye for the future, insisted that he and Wozniak try to sell the machine, and on April 1, 1976, Apple Computer was born.† (http://www.apple-history.com/frames/). It was not until the Apple II was introduced at a tradeshow in 1977 that the business started to take off. One of the most recent products developed by Apple which has become very successful has been the iPod. The iPod is a slick, tiny device that allows users to download songs from a specific website and this unit â€Å"holds† the songs in which they can be played at any time. The iPod is thought of as a handheld jukebox. It has not been any easy success ride for this product. First launched in October 2001, at a cost of $399, many skeptics were uncertain that this product would become an item that would be found in homes. The concern was the fact was that â€Å"only Macintosh users, less than a twentieth of the marketplace, could use it.† (www.msnbc.mcn.com/id/5457472/site/newsweek/). Strictly for personal entertainment, this product has recently been remodeled to allow holding more songs and now is facing stric... ... when a consumer's income goes up, consumers will buy a great deal more of that good. Very low price elasticity implies just the opposite, that changes in a consumer’s income have little influence on demand. The demand for the iPod continues to grow despite consumer’s income and selling price. This is a hot product that is receiving great word of mouth exposure and sales will continue to sky rocket. References http://www.apple-history.com/frames/ http://www.conference-board.org/economics/stalk.cfm http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1094/is_n2_v24/ai_7544055 http://www.hometoys.com/releases/jan03/cea_01.htm http://www.imagingnetwork.com/article.asp?id=645&Issue=July/August%202004 www.indiana.edu/~ipe/glossry.html www.msnbc.mcn.com/id/5457472/site/newsweek/ http://news.com.com http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/hist-c.html http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2001912647_paul26.html http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story2&u=/sv/20040807/tc_sv/takingontheipod www.technewsworld.com/story/35313.html http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/05/25/hitachi_storage_plant

Dorothea Lange :: essays research papers

Dorothea Lange was born in 1895 in Hoboken, New Jersey. Her family had come from Germany to the United States as immigrants. When Dorothea was seven years old, she suffered from polio. In 1907, her father left her family. And soon, her mother became an alcoholic. Dorothea was lonely in high school until she began studying photography.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of twenty-three, Dorothea left home, and in 1918, began an around the world trip. She taught Ron Partridge photography and people started calling him her “assistant.'; Ron Partridge recalls that she was very determined not to stop her work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothea Lange is best known for her work during the Great Depression. Other things she photographed were children, ships, the Depression, and many others. She also photographed Mormon communities. During her years in photography, she traveled to Asia, South America, Egypt, and India.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She married Maynard Dixon in 1920. Her marriage lasted fifteen years and in 1935 she divorced him. However, while on assignment in New Mexico, she remarried to Paul Taylor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1939, she began her first major project. Later, she worked for the Farm Security Administration. However, much conflict arose and in 1940 she was dismissed for the last time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1950’s and 60’s Dorotheas’s husband, Paul, spent six months photographing developing countries and Asia. Dorothea began having reoccurring ulcers. She was diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus. When she was in the Near East she caught malaria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ansel Adams described her as a difficult woman who was opinionated, impatient, and willful. A woman who defied the social gender expectations. Her last project was entitled, “Dorothea Lange Looks at the American Country Woman.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothea can definitely be described as someone who stood up for women and knew that women could do anything anyone else could do.

What do you think is the most important emerging issue in the design of work?

In my opinion, some of the most important issues that are emerging in the design of work are the specific aspects of a job. Telecommuting, alternative work patterns, technostress and skill development are some of these issues. (Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 228) Upon reading the case study for the Coca-Cola Company, I think that they are already addressing the issue of skill development. Coca-Cola appears to be looking for individuals who are motivators, innovators and competent enough to do the job. By implementing the core values and the mission of their company, Coca-Cola seems to have a staff of professionals that have bought into the happiness and optimism of the company. Building the company brand and allowing staff the power of autonomy is an influential factor of empowerment for any organization. This is what makes Coca-Cola so successful. Discuss the most likely organizational design for Coca-Cola Company. The most likely design is having a formal structural dimension with a decentralized decision making authority. The company seems to have a machine bureaucracy structural configuration. It would need to have strong formalization in order to maintain its product line globally at a high quality level. The design would also need to be specialized and standardized in order to decentralize the decision making locally. The vision at Coca-Cola serves as the framework for their Roadmap and guides every aspect of their business by describing what they need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people's desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. (The Coca-Cola Company, 2006-2011) By integrating this vision into the design process, Coca-Cola has goals that are not only attainable, but rewarding to the employees, customers and stockholders. From a job design perspective, how would you interpret what these seven employees of The Coca-Cola Company say about the secret ingredients that make their jobs so refreshing? My interpretation of these seven employees comments are that Coca-Cola uses a job characteristic theory in approaching the hiring of employees. The employees see the value of their job performance. They also understand their responsibility within the company and the effect that their job performance has on the mission. I think that Coca-Cola has effectively designed the jobs within the company to motivate the employees. Based on their responses, the level of employee engagement seems high. What information contained in the seven employees' comments about their jobs relates to the core job characteristics of skill variety? Skill variety is defined as â€Å"the degree to which a job includes different activities and involves the use of multiple skills and talents of the employee. † (Cengage Learning, 2010, p. 223) Coca-Cola showcases the skills and talents that the employees bring to the job. They do this by giving the employees opportunities to learn and grow both personally and professionally. The company also encourages employees to bring their unique ideas and expertise to the forefront and act upon them; this allows the employees to express more of their personality at work.

Solder Joint In Electronic Engineering Essay

Electronic makers throughout the universe have a long history of utilizing lead-based solders. These solders have proven to be cost effectual and high reliable, and are solidly integrated into fabricating methods and procedures. Driven by statute law chiefly in the European Union i.e. WEE, RoHS, EEE Directives, makers are concrete the manner for taking lead solder from all electronics assemblies. However, the credence of nonleaded solder posses many draw dorsums. Conversion to RoHS ( Restriction of Hazardous Substance ) compliant parts must include the full merchandise development and fabrication procedure. To electronics makers, one of the most of import facets in the procedure is guaranting the nonleaded solder articulation dependability is equal to or greater than that of their current leaded solder composings. Manufacturers are working independently to formalize dependability for their nonleaded electronic constituents and systems. Likewise, industry organisations and other research workers have developed proof plans that attempt to understand failure mechanism associated with nonleaded merchandises, generate dependability acceleration theoretical accounts, and predict the dependability of nonleaded solder articulations. Several theoretical accounts of lead free solder articulation dependability non mature plenty yet to enable alone demand of aerospace and military intent. Several factors affect solder articulation dependability, i.e. portion geometry, solder drosss, and external environmental emphasiss. Rapid thermic cycling has been an effectual environmental stimulation capable of bring oning weariness on solder articulations, peculiarly with stuffs holding mismatched thermic enlargement coefficients. Mechanically induced quiver is another external emphasis that efficaciously evaluates solder joint dependability. Thermal cycling can bring forth high supplanting emphasiss at low rhythm frequences, whereas mechanical quiver can supply low supplanting emphasiss at high frequences and high rhythm counts. A peculiar type of trial equipment and methodological analysis capable of using a combination of rapid thermic cycling and quiver is Highly Accelerated Life Testing ( HALT ) . Circuit boards range from simple individual moulded plastic boards with Cu music directors on one or both sides to multilayer boards with Cu music directors, each bed being separated by a insulator and interconnected by metal music directors. Minimum line breadth and spacing between lines is less than 100 A µm. The board typically is made from a composite such as an epoxy with superimposed sheets of woven fiberglass. The dielectric stuff between beds of music directors is normally a polymer, for illustration polyimide. To keep solder ability, the exposed Cu may be coated with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder greatcoat. Components are attached to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be farther protected against wet, taint, and mechanical harm by a screen coat. ( Steinberg D,1988 )1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILURESolder articulations widely used in the electronic packaging industry to bring forth good electri cal, thermic, and mechanical connexions between the bundle and the printed circuit board. Twenty per centums of the mechanical failure in airborne and mechanization electronic cause by quiver and daze. Design appropriate step to guarantee the survival equipment in the daze and quiver environment is necessary to make so. Staying 80 per centum of mechanical failure related to thermic emphasiss ensuing from high thermic gradients, coefficient of thermic enlargement and high coefficient of snap. Solder joint failure occurs in several grounds: Poor design of the solder articulation A bad solder articulation intervention Solder stuff Excessive emphasis applied to solder articulations. In general, nevertheless, the solder articulation failures are merely graded harmonizing to the nature of emphasis that have caused. Most joint failure falls into three major classs: Fatigue failure due to cyclic emphasis application Due to the execution of a long term or lasting burden The emphasis is due to overloading in the short term Reflow profile besides has a important function on solder articulation reliablity. Because It besides has a high influence micro construction of the solder articulation. Vibration failure of solder articulations is assessed for dependability utilizing high accelerated life trial, which is represented by a GRMS- clip curve. For surface saddle horse microelectronic constituents, an estimate of printed circuit board ( PCB ) theoretical account analysis can be made by presuming PCB as a bare unpeopled thin home base because the addition in stiffness of PCB due to the climb of the constituents is about offset by the addition in entire mass of the populated PCB. However, this estimation can direct to mistakes in natural frequence computation for different bundle profiles, for flip-chip-on-board ( FCOB ) and plastic-ball-grid-array ( PBGA ) assemblies. When the constituent has little profile, the estimate of PCB assembly as a bare PCB can supply acceptable average analysis consequences because the stiffness and mass part of little constituent to PCB assembly is non considerable. In this trial, changing GRMS-level random quiver trial for PCB assemblies were conducted. In order to cipher the dependability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to carry on the dynamic analysis.1.3 PROJECT PURPOSEIn this modern universe due to the causes of wellness and environmental issues the electronic fabrication industries confronting a challenging job of necessity to bring forth dependable solder merchandises in really high denseness with really low cost. Solder articulations are really of import to the dependability of Printed Circuit Boards ( PCB ) . This is a 1 of the taking factor in transmittal of electrical and thermic connexions. In instance of every PCB even a smaller solder articulations are really of import. So this undertaking investigates the Effect of quiver on solder articulation dependability in electronics assembly applications. Solder articulation of an electronic assembly is really of import measuring because of this theoretical account based survey might assist applied scientists efficaciously better the PCB mechanical design and therefore better dependability of electronics attached to the PCB by sing practical uncertainnesss and inauspicious quiver environments. This experiment attempted to research the usage of HALT to measure the dependability of solder articulations. For this trial, samples of PCB ‘s arranged and tested on an Environmental testing chamber. The trial program included a response where, as samples become displaced from the printed circuit board ( PCB ) , . In add-on, a solder joint life distribution would be bring forthing depicting comparative public presentation between Sn95.5/Ag4.0/Cu0.5 vs. Sn42Bi57Ag1 solder paste. The consequence of this trial did non bring forth the sequence of failures necessary to be after the life informations ; nevertheless the procedure of proving revealed near by into the application of HALT as a technique to contrast the public presentation of PCB soldered constituents. ( Steinberg D,1988 ) The overall research methodological analysis that has been followed during the undertaking is illustrated in Figure 1.1. There are six distinguishable stairss: Literature Survey, Project Planning, Design of Experiments, Experimental work, Analysis of consequence and Conclusion, and Documentation and Presentation. Literature Survey Design of Experiments Undertaking planning Experimental Work Analysis of Results and Conclusion Documentation and Presentation Figure 1.1: Undertaking MethodologyChapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTINGDynamic warps of stuffs caused by quiver can do jobs and malfunctions including failed electrical constituents, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, cracked or broken constructions, inordinate electrical noise, electrical trunkss, chafed wiring. Because sine quiver represent largely a certain cardinal frequence and the harmonics of that cardinal, in its pure province, this type of quiver is generated by a limited important figure of beginnings. Expressed as amplitude versus frequence, sine quiver is the type of quiver generated in the field by beginnings such as engine rotational velocities, propellor and turbine blade transition frequences, rotor blade transition and launch vehicles. While much of â€Å" existent universe † quiver is random, sine quiver proving accomplishes several of import ends in merchandise ability and proving. Much stuff and completed merchandise was modelled on some type of sine quiver signature. A sine expanse of frequences will reason whether the premises were right and if the divergences are considerable plenty to do design alterations. In other words, expanse will set up if the imagined frequence has been met and/or discovers the trial point cardinal frequence. Similarly, a expanse will assist place the trial capable resonance frequences, which may be the points at which the point experiences peculiarly nerve-racking warps. Some of the undermentioned trials include fixed frequence at higher degrees of the commanding variable ( displacement, speed, acceleration ) , and random quiver. Another typical sinusoidal quiver trial, sine explosion such as the teardrop, goes quickly to top out pulsation and so decays at lower rate ( to forestall harm to the unit ) . The burst trial puts a maximal burden into an object at a rapid rate and peculiarly emphasiss articulations and seams to place craft and design issues.2.2 RANDOM VIBRATION TESTINGThe genuineness of random quivers an effectual tool of testing craft defects came about during fabrication. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during dependability proving. Pure sinusoidal quiver is composed of a individual frequence at any given clip. Comparisons trials revealed that to be the effectivity of random quiver. The trial point will hold to be subjected to many sine frequences over a longer period of clip, and may by happenstance weariness the trial point. Random quivers undercover defect faster. Another fluctuation would be a swept sine on random trial. In random quiver nevertheless, all frequences happening at the same time. Because of this, random quiver analysis normally performed over a big scope of frequences, say from 20Hz to 2000Hz. Research workers are non looking at a specific frequence, specific minute in clip or specific anything else ; They are statistically looking at a construction response to a given random quiver environment. Decidedly be cognizant about any natural frequences that cause a big random response at any open frequence degree, but largely all the experiments taking the overall response of the construction. Random quiver analysis looks at random accelerations or forces over a scope of frequences, which we call the frequence sphere. ( These random inputs are merely sustained over a period of clip, but are non time-dependent ; i.e. , the longer the period of clip, the better the statistical sampling in the frequence sphere. ) The scope of frequences is called a spectrum. Therefore, this is called by Spectral Density. Normally, if accelerations consider in trial, for that Acceleration Spectral Density ( ASD ) have to utilize.2.3 SINE ON RANDOM VIBRATION TESTINGVibration sine on random testing is executing by superposing a sine moving ridge on top of a random environment. A sine on random quiver trial replaces the combined environment of a spinning chopper blade with its distinguishable resonant degrees and the remainder of the aircraft which generates random engine and aerodynamic induced quiver. Gunfire on board an aircraft causes sine quiver while the remainder of the aircraft generates random excitements. These types of trials are doubling quiver Characterized by dominant extremums ( sinusoids ) superimposed on a broadband background. 2.4 Real WORLD SIMULATION. Most quiver in existent universe is random for illustration a vehicle traveling over route feels random quiver from the route abnormalities. Land launched projectile vehicles exposed to non stationary quiver during its flight, the motor ignites the projectile travel through the ambiance, the motor burn terminals and so forth even in flying when subjected to turbulent air flow, undergoes random quiver. Random quiver is composed of battalion of continues spectrum of frequences. Movement varies indiscriminately with clip. It can be accessible in the sphere by a power spectral denseness map [ G2/Hz ] .2.5 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING ( HALT )HALT involve quiver proving in all three axes with a random manner of frequences. at last, HALT proving can include the real-time cycling of multiple environmental variables, for illustration, temperature cycling plus quiver testing. This multi-variable proving attack provides a closer appraisal of real-world operating environments. Unlike usual testing, the end of HALT proving is to interrupt the specimen. When the merchandise fails, the weakest point is recognized, so applied scientists know closely what demands to be done to develop merchandise quality. After a merchandise has failed, the weak constituents are upgrade or toughened. The revised specimen is so subjected to an extra unit of ammunition of HALT proving, with the scope of temperat ure, quiver, or floor further increased, so the merchandise fails once more. This identify the following weakest point. By traveling through several proving like this, the merchandise can be made rather strong. With This familiar attack, merely the weak musca volitanss are identified for betterment. This type of proving supply so much information about the assembly and public presentation of a merchandise, that it can be rather supportive for newer applied scientists assigned to a merchandise which they are non wholly familiar. HALT proving must be performed during the design period of a merchandise to build the basic design is dependable. But it is indispensable to observe that the units being tested are likely to be hand-made technology paradigm. At suggestion, we have found that HALT proving should besides be performed on existent industry units, to guarantee that the passage from technology design to production design has non resulted in a loss of merchandise quality or hardiness. Some applied scientists may see this attack as scientifically sensible, but economically impractical. though, the cost of HALT proving is much a lesser sum of than the cost of field failures.2.6 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING ( HASS )HASS testing is an ongoing showing trial, performed on usual production units. Here, the thought is non to damage the merchandise, but instead to verify that existent industry units continue to run decently when subjected to the cycling of ecological factors used during the HASS trial. The bounds used in HASS proving are based on a skilled probe of the HALT proving parametric quantities. The importance of HASS proving can be suited when 1 considers today ‘s typical production scenario. Natural stuffs are purchased from a seller who uses stuffs purchased from other sellers. Components and sub-assemblies are obtained from makers all over the universe. The finishing gathering of the merchandise is performed by a subcontractor. This manner that the quality of the concluding merchandise is a function of the quality of all the constituents, stuffs, and procedures which are a portion of that concluding merchandise. These constituents, stuffs, and procedures c an and make alter over clip, in that manner impacting the worth and dependability of the concluding merchandise. The best manner to guarantee that fiction units continue to run into dependability aims is through HASS testing.2.7 RELIABILITYDependability is definite as the chance that a device will execute its required map under stated conditions for a exact period of clip. predict with some grade of Confidence is really dependent on right specifying a figure of parametric quantities. For case, taking the sharing that matches the information is of primary importance. If a right distribution is non chosen, the consequences will non be dependable. The confidence, which depends on the sample size, must be adequate to do right determinations. Individual element failure rates must be based on a big adequate population and of import to truly reflect present twenty-four hours normal uses. There are experimental considerations, such as influential the incline of the failure rate and cipherin g the activation power, every bit good as ecological factors, such as temperature, humidness, and quiver. eventually, there are electrical stressors such as electromotive force and current. Dependability technology can be slightly conceptual in that it involves much statistics ; yet it is technology in its most reasonable signifier. Will the design execute its proposed mission? Product dependability is seen as a grounds to the stamina of the design every bit good as the unity of the category and fabricating committednesss of an societies. One of the rudimentss of understanding a merchandise ‘s dependability requires an apprehension of the estimation of the failure rate. The conventional method of finding a merchandise ‘s failure rate is through the usage of accelerated quiver runing life trials perform on a sample of Devicess. The failure rate obtained on the life trial sample is so extrapolated to end-use fortunes by agencies of prearranged numerical theoretical accounts to give an appraisal of the failure rate in the field application. even though there are many other emphasis methods engaged by electronic assembly makers to to the full separate a merchandise ‘s dependability, the informations generated from operational life trial sampling is the major method used by the production for gauging the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service.Failure Rate ( I » )Measure of failure per unit of clip. The utile life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases somewhat over early life, so stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increasing failure rate. This should happen beyond utile life.Failure In Time ( FIT )Measure of failure rate in 109 device hours ; e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours.Entire Device Hours ( TDH )Th e summing up of the figure of units in operation multiplied by the clip of operation.Average Time between failures ( MTBF )Dependability is quantified as MTBF ( Average Time Between Failures ) for repairable merchandise and MTTF ( Average Time To Failure ) for non-repairable merchandise. A right apprehension of MTBF is of import. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does non intend that the N = Number of units under trial. If the MTBF is known, one can cipher the failure rate as the opposite of the MTBF. The expression for ( I » ) is: where R is the figure of failures. Once a MTBF is calculated, chance can deduce from following equation:R ( T ) = e-t/MTBFConfidence Level or Limit ( CL )Probability degree at which population failure rate estimations are derived from sample life trial. The upper assurance degree interval is used.Acceleration Factor ( AF )A changeless derived from experimental informations which relates the times to failure at two different emphasiss. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated trial conditions to utilize conditions. Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate.The Bathtub CurveThe life of a population of units can be divided into three distinguishable periods. Figure 1 shows the dependability â€Å" bathtub curve † which theoretical accounts the cradle to sculpt instantaneous failure rates vs. clip. If we follow the incline from the start to where it begins to flatten out this can be considered the first period. The first period is characterized by a decreasing failure rate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units die off go forthing a population that is more strict. This first period is besides called baby mortality period. The following period is the level part of the graph. It is called the normal life. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this clip. It is hard to foretell which failure manner will attest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice the changeless incline. The 3rd period begins at the point where the incline begins to increase and extends to the terminal of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and get down to fail at an increasing rate.Figure 2.1 bath bath curveReliability Predictions MethodsA batch of clip has been spent on developing processs for gauging dependability of electronic equipment. There are by and large two classs: ( 1 ) anticipations based on single failure rates, and ( 2 ) demonstrated dependability based on operation of equipment over clip. Prediction methods are based on constituent informations from a assortment of beginnings: failure analysis, life trial informations, and device natural philosophies. For some computations ( e.g. military application ) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard dependability anticipation method. A simple failure rate computation based on a individual life trial would follow equation 1. I »iˆ = failure rate. TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under emphasis. AF = Acceleration factor, Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate where, I » = failure rate in FITs ( Number fails in 109 device hours ) I? = Number of distinguishable possible failure mechanisms K = Number of life trials being combined eleven = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism I = 1, 2, †¦ I? TDHj = Total device hours of trial clip for life trial J, J = 1, 2, †¦ K AFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism, I = 1, 2, †¦ K M = I §2 ( I ± , 2r +2 ) / 2 where, I §2 = qi square factor for 2r + 2 grades of freedom R = entire figure of failures ( I? xi ) I ± = hazard associated with CL between 0 and 1.2.2 SOLDER PASTERole Of Solder Paste In ReflowingSolder paste is a combination mixture of a flux composing and a extremely grinded, powdered solder metal metal that is usually used in the electronics industry to soldering procedures. And besides it is call as a attachment medium between the device interconnectedness characteristics and the PCB itself. The constituents of a solder paste are specially designed for first-class printing and reflow features. In normal instance of the surface saddle horse soldering procedure involves puting the substrate and a little sum of solder paste in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heated until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connexion between the solder tablet and the electrical contact of electronics portion. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connexion between the electronics constituents and the printed circuit board.Selection Criteria Of A Solder PasteChoice of a solder paste is really of import factor for reflowing procedure, dependability & A ; its quality. The undermentioned factors are considerable for a good solder paste [ 6 ] . The size of the solder metal atoms which are in the solder paste The inclination to organize nothingnesss The belongingss of the flux medium of the solder paste Alpha atom emanation rate The design of the stencil to be used for publishing Thermal belongingss of the solder paste Electrical belongingss of the solder pasteChapter 03MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY3.1SOLDER PasteThe inside informations of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the undermentioned tabular arrayPCB noAlloy1 & A ; 2 Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 3 & A ; 4 Sn42Bi57Ag1 Table 3.1. types of solder paste used in experiment For this undertaking all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and designation on it to separate it from the Tin – lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a icebox between 35 – 45F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimal four hours before making the solder paste printing. Once it has finished the utilizing solder paste must replace to the icebox since it can non be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be cut downing from the typical six month. The above guidelines are purely followed in this undertaking. Because it is non merely for warrant the quality of solder paste but besides a good manner to cut down the mistakes that may impact the concluding consequences of the undertaking.3.2 SOLDER PASTE PrintingImportant of Solder Paste PrintingSurface mount engineering ( SMT ) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface saddle horse constituents are potentially more dependable merchandises can be designed and manufactured utilizing the SMT. The solder paste stencil publishing procedure is really critical and of import measure in the surface saddle horse manufacting procedure. Most of all the bonding defects are due to jobs covering with the showing procedure. Stencil printing procedures have major cautiousnesss in operation and put up stairss. When we are supervising these factors carefully we can minimise the defects. The chief intent of publishing solder paste on PCB is to provide solder metal to solder joint to rectify sum. That merely publish must be aligned right and can acquire a perfect constituent arrangement.Printing Procedure ParametersSome of the undermentioned parametric quantities are really of import to publishing procedure. Stencil Stencils are utilizing for the solder paste slip easy off the aperture edges and thereby secures a unvarying print. For this procedure we utilizing electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have really shape border and somewhat conelike. By and large a stencil is mading from cuppa or Ni. ENVIRONMENTAL Dust and soil from the air that will make the PCBs and stencils can be defects hapless wet ability in the reflow bonding procedure. So PCBs should be stored in certain bundles and cleaned before usage. SOLDER PASTE Solder paste characterise must be controlled to accomplish a maximal production consequences. Some of the factors are given below [ 12 ] . Percentage of metal Viscosity Slump Solder balls Flux activity working life and shelf lifeSolder Paste Printing Equipment and ProcessStencil printing parametric quantities are really of import factors in publishing procedures to accomplish a best output. The undermentioned parametric quantities must be proctors and controlled in a printing procedure. Squeegee force per unit area = 8kg Squeegee speed = 20 mm/s Separation speed = 100 % Printing spread = 0.0 millimeter These factors and bound can be adjust for our undertaking intent Figure 3.1 DEK 260 stencil printing machine The DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to publish solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two chief maps. Registers the place of the merchandise screen with in the print caput Positioning the circuit board below the stencil, to cook for the print rhythm. The boards to be print are supported on magnetic tooling and held by vacuity caps arranged on the home base to vouch the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first measure of the experiment is to make the solder paste publishing on to the board.Figure 3.2 Stencil printing by manusIn this undertaking unable to acquire metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by manus, below process followed to publish PCB Put weights onto the stencil to repair it turn over the squeegee over the stencil solder paste presses through the aperture onto PCB separate stencil Two circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Wholly 4 circuit boards printed.Pick and PlaceComponent of PCB placed by choice and topographic point machine ( APS Gold-Place L20 ) . robotic weaponries are used to put surface-mount devices onto PCB. Pick and topographic point process as follow. pneumatic suction noses taken by caput of arm, so moved to feeder where the constituent is loaded. The suction nozzele picks it up utilizing vacuity, and moves to the arrangement location so centers the constituent with focus oning fingers. After justified aligned point, it places the constituent onto solder paste.Figure 3.3 APS Gold-Place L203.3 SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS & A ; PROFILEFigure 3.4 reflow ovenReflow procedure is really of import to accomplish a good dependable solder articulation. Novastar 2000 HT convectional reflow oven is used in research lab for the probe. When making the reflow procedure with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a m inimal peak temperature of 150.It is by and large accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 230 – 240.reflow oven has six warming zones and chilling zone. ( Wu J.2000 ) Reflow profile will be impacting the dependability of a solder articulation. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic beds in a solder articulation. Intermettalic bed is a critical portion of a solder articulation. An intermettalic bond thickness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must bring forth solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer.. ( Zhang RR.2001 )PREHEAT ZONEIn this zone indicates how the temperature is altering fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is normally between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be harm to constituents from thermic daze. Merely In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to vaporize. So if the rise rate is excessively low the vaporization of flux is non uncomplete. This will impact the quality of the solder articulation.THERMAL SOAK ZONEIt is besides called the flux activation zone. In this thermic soak zone it will take 60-120 seconds for remotion of solder paste an d activation of fluxes. Solder splatter and balling will be go on if the temperature is excessively high or excessively low. End of this thermic daze zone a thermic equilibrium will finish the full circuit board.REFLOW ZONEIn this reflow zone merely the maximal temperature will be reached. In this zone we have to see about the peak temperature that is the maximal allowable temperature of full procedure. It is really of import to supervise this maximal temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may do harm to the internal dies of SMT constituents and a block to the growing of intermetalic bonds. we have to see the profile clip besides. If clip exceeds than the industries specification it besides affect the circuit board ‘s quality.Cooling ZoneIn the reflow procedure the last zone is chilling zone. A proper chilling inhabits extra intermetallic formation or thermic daze to the constituents. By and large the chilling zone temperature scope is 30 – 100. In this undertaking, the undermentioned temperature profiles were selected. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free bonding. Zone 1 220 Zone 2 180 Zone 3 170 Zone 4 190 Zone5 233 Zone 6 233 Wholly 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was non involves any defects or amendss in the printed circuit board.Figure 3.5 Reflow profileFigure 3.6 printed circuit board after reflowSET UP EVENT DETECTORFigure 3.7 Event sensorThe constructed PCB ‘s were connected with event sensor by thread informations overseas telegram. Ribbon overseas telegram addressed harmonizing to `Analysis tech STD series event sensors manual ‘ . pins 1 to 32 map as beginning terminus and pins 33 to 37 map as land terminus.Figure 3.8 Ribbon overseas telegram pin referenceTo obtain closed cringle circuit to supervise the behavior of PCB constituents, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to impart 1,2,33 and 34 severally.Ribbon overseas telegramAfter connected thread overseas telegram with event sensor and environment chamber, channels are assigned in â€Å" WIN DATA LOG † package which supplied with event sensor. For this trial following scenes define for informations acquisition.Figure 3.9 set up trial informations in event sensor3.5 INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOINT UNDER VIBRATION CHAMERFigure 3.10 Design Environmental FS800-70SVIn this survey, PCB ‘s were used in Variable Frequency Vibration Test to analyze the dynamic response of PCB assembly subjected to random quiver burden. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration degrees to measure the solder articulation dependability subjected changing G-level quiver tonss ( G is the gravitative acceleration ) , severally. Vibration trials were accomplished by utilizing an electro dynamic Shaker ( Design Environmental FS800-70SV ) and event sensor. One accelerometer was used to find the dynamic response of the specimen, Daisy concatenation cringles were monitored at the same time by an Event Detector during quiver trial. Any opposition alteration transcending a preset threshold with minimal continuance of 200ns can be d etected by the Event Detector. When a cleft is initiated in the solder articulation during the quiver trial, the opposition will increase. The failure standards recommended by IPC – 785 criterion is defined as daisy concatenation opposition by thermic or mechanical transients or perturbations in the signifier of short continuance ( ~ 1 A µsec ) high opposition spikes ( & gt ; 300 a„ ¦ ) . During thermic alterations the solder articulations are capable to shear, non tensile, lading ; hence, fracture surfaces of fractured solder articulations slide relative to each other bring forthing the characteristic short continuance intermittent. Therefore, in this context, the practical definition of solder joint failure is the break of electrical continuity ( & gt ; 300 ohms ) for periods greater than 1 microsecond. Figure 3.11 PCB ‘s was mounted inside the Environment chamber in this mode. Figure 3.12 Above tabular array exemplifying trial program.Figure 3.13 Trial programFigure 3.14 graphs obtained from chamberChapter 4ConsequencePCB board Failure rate ( % ) Operation clip ( hours ) Dependability 1 24.0 5 0 2 63.0 13.04 0 3 1.6 0.3305 0.5893 4 2.5 0.5083 0.2806Table 4.1 dependability of solder pasteThe proving began with 1 GRMS. The intent of this to observe any gross issues in solder articulations, every bit good as with the informations acquisition system. No failures were detected at beginning, nevertheless, after 1.5GRMS an review revealed that both PCBs 3 and 4 were failed. Following, quiver degrees were stepped bit by bit to 6GRMS increases over the period of five hours PCB 1 got failed, In 13.04 hr ‘s period the chamber reached degree of about 14GRMS, staying PCB besides got failed. However, the failure mechanism was attributed to a quiver moving on the solder connexion particular to these parts and was straight related to thermic mistakes. Failure rate Time elapsed Above graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn42Bi57Ag1 Failure rate Time elapsed Above graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5Chapter 5RESULT ANALYSISFrom dependability analysis sample 3 has maximum dependability and sample 2 has minimum dependability. Each sample was subjected to nominal supply current and opposition value in conformity with the design and public presentation specification. Respective trial samples continued to vibrate with some public presentation abnormalities observed. The aim of this experiment was to utilize HALT quiver to set up the relationship between the life of similar parts soldered with different solder composings. The consequences proved inconclusive for the primary intent of â€Å" Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 † versus â€Å" Sn42Bi57Ag1 † articulation random quiver trial. Both composings demonstrated weak public presentation and the consequences may propose that with regard to this brief random quiver trial, solder articulation dependability is different between the two composings. No samples were separated from the trial vehicle as a consequence of the quiver applied. However, the trial procedure revealed insight into HALT and suggested factors which can impact consequences when soldered constituents are being compared. First, Printed circuit board kineticss would be understood and controlled so that acceleration hot musca volitanss and nothings are made more equal in amplitude. A flexible PCB will debar and bring forth bending emphasiss suited for measuring emphasis on solder articulations. But with a flexible board acceleration uniformity become hard to command and do a comparing trial less nonsubjective. Second, HALT random quiver is a good methodological analysis for bring forthing multi-axis wide spectrum energy for PCBs and their constituents. ( Wu J.2000 ) The typical method to analyze the functionality of a PCB in a quiver environment is to verify the quiver transmissibility. Normally the transmissibility at any location of PCB should be less than a factor of 10, i.e. , 1 G input will non bring forth more than 10 G end product at any location of the PCB. To accomplish this end, two methods can be applied to the PCB design. One is to restrain the PCB tightly to the fixture, which can be realized by bettering the boundary conditions in the finite component analysis theoretical account. The other is to relocate heavy affiliated constituents of the PCB board to allow optimum locations ( i.e. , mass re-distribution ) . ( Wu J.2000 ) Lead free solder assemblies have quickly been promote in the micro-packaging development to forestall the environmental pollution, issues on the dependability has non been clearly solved. Several experiments have been conducted on the soundness of alternate lead free soldering technique such as Sn-Ag-Cu solder. During the bumping procedure, a considerable thermic distortion is occurred and the chemical features of solder and bed qualities are besides changed in agreement with the surface completing method such as ET ( electric Sn ) , ENEPIG ( electro less nickel, electro less Pd and submergence gold ) etc. The IMC ( intermetallic compound ) bed is formed in a micro-scale part between the solder and the surface completing stuff under high temperature adhering procedure. In the field of micro-packaging together with IMC bed, one of the most hard issues is to mensurate width interface beds in a solder articulations. Since the IMC beds have been estimated as the weakest subdivision in th e solder articulations, a accurate finding of mechanical belongingss in the country of this critical part may supply direct and enhanced information to understand the break behavior. aˆ? . ( Zhang RR.2001 ) stringency of mounting bolt of PCB reduced during experiment. Due to this consequence the PCB stated to vibrate freely. Applied quiver force was non shared uniformly. From finite component analysis alterations in stringency of mountin bolt can be realize.Chapter 6DecisionThe decisions ensuing from this work are:.Interactions between temperature and quiver were found important and therefore had influence on concluding consequence. Stencil printing by manus affect the solder joint dependability. Better apprehension gained about electronic assembly behaviors when subjected to quiver. Gained cognition about electronic assembly procedure and how it is act uponing in solder articulation dependability. Gained good experience in managing event sensor and environmental proving chamber.Chapter 7FUTURE WORKSIn this undertaking investigated the consequence of quiver of solder articulation dependability in electronic assembly. For this probe two different types solder paste used, eventually all specimens were tested in environmental Chamber. In this undertaking when making quiver trial informations acquired by event sensor is non accurate value. From informations obtained from event sensor does non give proper analytical consequence. In sing about the hereafter works of this undertaking can be expand based on acquirable informations type, every bit good as finite component analysis because dependability of a solder articulation depends on assorted environmental factors, so result analysis will be more accurate and stand with more international criterions.